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Insulating materials (wood fiber)

panels of wood fiber is produced through processing of waste and waste wood of coniferous and broadleaf not chemically treated, from sawmills to European countries.

The raw material is renewable and available in virtually unlimited size. The panels have good properties thermal insulation and acoustic structure with open pores, permeable to water, provides excellent breathability, in case of fire will produce specific toxic gases, but the normal gas combustion of wood does not contain substances harmful to health.

The wood fiber is a hygroscopic material, the absorbed moisture gets inside the fiber itself and the space between the fibers, responsible for the porosity of the material, remains full of air, this means that its insulating power not decrease, in contrast to the fibrous materials of mineral origin (fiber glass or rock), where the fibers are not able to absorb the moisture in them. Panels are used for heat and sound insulation in inner and outer coats ventilated cavities of wood structures, wood roofs, floors and subfloors to dry floors of all types.

The panels are cut with sharp knife or circular saw, must be stored in a dry place and supported horizontally.

fibers are obtained by processing waste (cut, ground and damaged through appropriate mechanical treatments) and then mixed with hot water (4-5%) and aluminum sulfate (0.4 to 0.8%) that Besides being repellent and pesticide, the active binding properties of the natural resin of the wood (lignin), without adding additional ligands. The mixture is then spread in appropriate forms, by compressing according to the desired density and dried in special ovens. The energy consumption for the production of the panels is fairly low.

To achieve the multi-layer panels used 1% of a non-toxic glue based on polyvinyl acetate. To achieve water-resistant waterproof panels is added 10% of a waterproofing substance: bitumen (petrochemicals), latex, wax, rosin and other natural resins.

panels free of binders and bitumen are not biodegradable, they can be incinerated and possibly re-used (can be composted), play an ecological insulating function, and achieve a comfortable room climate. Their porous structure of fiber promotes vapor diffusion and absorption of sound waves.

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Insulating materials (cellulose fiber)

The cellulose fiber (paper) is a valuable raw material, and fits well as a thermal insulator to the structure of its pores can lock up large amounts of 'air, reducing heat loss. Originally

wood has a structure with parallel fibers, which is amended during the processing of paper, the fibers are oriented in all directions, creating a greater porosity and achieve a good insulating properties.

The cellulose fiber is breathable and hygroscopic, absorbing moisture from the environment and then transfer it successivamenteha good behavior and sound-absorbing, non-toxic and does not cause reactions in contact with skin.

It 's a very suitable material from the ecological point of view, since the raw material is recycled newsprint and energy expenditure to produce is reduced.

The newspapers are sorted, shredded and mixed with 15% of salts of boron, treatment pesticide and fireproofing, as a result of mixing are obtained flakes, which are trapped within the tiny air cells, responsible for resistance to the passage of heat. These can be prepared in the form of granules (diameter 4 mm) with no added pressure forming binders. Panels are also adding to the cellulose fiber 5-10% synthetic polyester fiber that acts as a support and makes the panel flexible, compact and easy to work.

To obtain an efficient sound absorption are only one or two centimeters.

fiber cellulose flakes is applied by trained personnel using the system directly Blow on site, with no additives and isolation by creating a continuous, seamless and without waste.

Find application in cavity walls of brick and wood structure with a thickness of not less than 10 cm or with poor insulation or deteriorated in cavities of ceilings and roofs with wooden frame, interior walls, ceilings, attics not feasible.

The cellulose fiber in grains is used for thermal and acoustic insulation of floors.

The jet dry slope compensation allows you to incorporate and drainage systems;

The cellulose fiber panels can be applied in cavities of timber structures, internal coats, outer coats ventilated, ventilated roofs, interior walls, ceilings, floors and subfloors.

The cellulose fiber is being considered to be a biocompatible non-toxic and is considered environmentally friendly because it comes from natural materials. The cellulose fiber in flakes and granules is reusable and recyclable and the recycling of the panels is problematic because it must take into account the presence of synthetic fiber polyester. Treatment with boron salts does not make the cellulose fiber suitable for composting as there are leaching into the ground.

Cellulose does not give reactions to skin contact, no concentration of toxic substances, absorption capacity, humidity control, odorless, electrically non-electrostatic and reagent-free fibrous dust toxic.

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The construction of houses with solid wood walls, as the "blockbau" or "Fachwerk" takes over a building tradition spread to Europe, especially in Alpine and Nordic countries.

These types, for both narrow grounds maintenance works and for new construction needs, have undergone significant technical improvements, especially in relation to the problem of withdrawal wood work and its undesirable consequences (cracks in the plaster, cracks, etc.)..

The system essentially provides the use of solid wood or laminated logs of various species and sizes, square or rounded, with double or triple production in male and female, which are vertically stacked together to form the partition or carrier.

Such systems have been adopted by the industrial production of prefabricated houses, available in various standardized sizes.

Wood as a natural material, compact and homogeneous, can provide high performance thermal and acoustic insulation, in addition to knowing how to adjust the indoor humidity bringing the comfort of the rooms at high levels.

Wood is an environmentally friendly material not only because it is a renewable raw material, but also because it produces waste processing biodegradable or reusable, but also because its use from forest to factory to the site requires the use of large energy far lower than all other materials used in construction, hence resulting less pollution.

The walls of these houses are made from tree trunks (usually spruce), or left slightly squared round which, properly clamped in the three spatial directions, make the structure statically efficient, especially in comparison horizontal actions such as those carried by wind and earthquake.

These elements, properly channeled, are mounted on each other and the corners, together with joints. The wall thickness varies from 6 to 20 cm. Those with a thickness of less than 14/16 cm are too light to meet the acoustic requirements for a normal house and require an additional coating.

The structural elements in wood or riutilizzabli are completely recyclable into new structures.

solid wood walls with external insulation inside a wall coating of solid wood normally consists of a layer of insulating material and a wooden table. Also agrees the inclusion of a barrier to the wind (kraft paper). The insulation material panels are more suitable for soft wood fiber, coconut fiber mats and panels in wood chips mineralized.

The main drawback of these walls, with or without isolation, is the withdrawal of solid wood. The withdrawal on axis perpendicular to the fiber is much higher than in the trunk axis, in fact, the withdrawal of a horizontal height of 20cm is 2-3 mm, the withdrawal of the pillars is much lower, ie 2 -3mm over a length of 3 m.

of this withdrawal must be considered in the construction of doors, windows, stairs, chimneys and installations. Above the windows and doors must remain a suitable space, filled with coconut fiber or another fibrous material, to allow settling, otherwise the walls are no longer in the tube.

before purchasing a prefabricated house of wood you should check with the manufacturer on any pest control treatment suffered. It is, however, preferred to buy houses with untreated and treated their innocuous products. The air quality problems are attributable, in fact, the need for protection against the aggression of the material and biological protection against fire, so again the question moves mainly towards the nature of the products used in their treatments.

Compared to the laying great care should be paid to construction details of the bathrooms and other wet areas where the blocks will be posted opportunamnte isolated from the soil through a slab opportunamnete sized.

You should avoid mounting adhesives and sealing of the gaps with foam, resins, adhesives and silicones. In the case of coating the interior walls with insulation or protection against moisture (vapor barrier) should be paid attention to the possible effect of "encapsulation" of the confined space. This effect means that the pollutants may be present in indoor air can not breathe out through the walls, while the effect of absorption and purification can be carried out exclusively by the internal surface finishing layer (beads, panels) .

For fire protection the lining chalk it ensures much higher than the treatments with fire retardant chemicals, even if it keeps the wood beams. It is good to minimize maintenance, with polyurethane or epoxy indoors because they produce strong and prolonged emissions.

also be avoided in the treatment of recurrent confined spaces to impregnation with preservatives and dyes: they do not form a protective film surface and can release pollutants into the environment continuously.

The technique of dry assembly can speed up construction and minimize the risk of impact on indoor air quality.

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masonry walls in wood blocks of clay Pareti

The construction technique that uses brick or clay is called adobe, word of Arabic origin subsequently used also in the Iberian peninsula.

Items Employees are handmade or industrially using clay lands without subjecting the brick firing.

This technique allows you to create bearing walls or curtain walls according to the weight of brick used.

The land used in construction, in addition to being a completely natural material and does not involve high energy consumption for the production of bricks (the raw technique does not provide for baking) gives excellent thermal insulation walls and high inertia heat, leading to a high level of comfort.

Its distribution in the contemporary European housing market should, however, the development of industrial products such as premixed clay-based, extruded green bricks, insulation panels made of earth and clay.

between the industrialized and the artisan should weigh the choice depending on the context in which it operates, taking due consideration of economic, environmental and social issues.

The mud brick is a product obtained from mixing of clay, silt and sand, sometimes mixed with straw, in varying proportions, poured into wooden molds and left to dry in the sun.

The clay contained in the soil acts as a binder and imparts good cohesion between the particles of the dough.

is usually used the land portion of extracted under arable, avoiding layers containing putrescible and poor mechanical strength.

Ideal for the construction of mud brick is the loam and sandy. If the silt content is high, is well suited for mixtures with straw.

The size of the brick are the same as the old brick. To get the larger size of brick you need to use lean clay to be mixed in chopped straw, used for non-bearing walls. The straw, in fact, gives greater weight to the brick making it more suitable for the installation of cladding.

The handicraft production can be carried out on site and is the modeling of the bricks carried out manually by pressing the mixture into wooden molds.

Once removed from the mold the bricks are arranged in the open air to be dried naturally, for a period ranging from two to four weeks, depending on the season.

Industrial production is through the extrusion and cutting, following the same procedure used for the production of ordinary bricks, whose mud-brick can be considered as a byproduct. In this case, however, you get a brick building is not designed to be used raw, but with a composition more suitable for cooking, so the resulting product should be used with greater care.

The mechanical properties of clay brick permit the construction of bearing walls with a maximum elevation of up to three floors.

The properties of the raw material it is made, allow the wall a good breathability, preventing the formation of mold and condensation on the surface, good thermal inertia, or the ability to store heat, and a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, with good thermal insulation properties.

important feature is the ability to regulate the humidity inside the premises when it is too dry or too wet, helping to improve living comfort.

The mud-brick are laid in place with clay mortar or lime mortar on a platform of rocks or concrete, having realized a horizontal barrier against rising damp from the ground. The wall is finished externally with a layer of lime plaster finish, to protect the bricks from the rain, which appear to be vulnerable.

The minimum thickness of bearing walls is 30 cm, one-storey masonry, 50 cm, two-story masonry.

not undergoing physical and chemical transformations in its production and installation, maintain its ecological character and undergoing decommissioning can be reused as land for agriculture.

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earthen

The clay is the building material used around the world since ancient times.

can be used for walls, curtain walls, roofs, floors, plaster.

can be formed into blocks, where sun-dried, mixed and molded by hand, keeping in shape with the help of molds, mixed together with any natural fiber, straw, wood chips, cork, fiber, etc.. .

Across Europe there are buildings on earth, and, contrary to what one might think, especially in countries of northern and central Europe. So very wet and very cold countries, rely on the ground rather than building traditions relevant, even in countries such as very hot and desert.

In Italy it is built in earth up to the '60 / '70; houses are scattered on the ground throughout the country, from the Veneto Casoni, pise to the houses in Piedmont, through Tuscany, the Marches , Basilicata, Calabria and Sardinia each region developed a distinctive design feature.

There are several construction techniques that can be used, all over the world would have been classified as many as 18. The trail and one of the construction techniques for working the land, allows the construction of monolithic walls and is compacted with the help of a "piseur, damp earth, within formwork; was a very common nineteenth century rural architecture.

This technique does not require electrical or machines, reduces the cost of transport and consumption of non-renewable raw materials, is suitable for self-construction.

For the technique of Pise, used for bearing walls and no, we use a rather lean soil (sandy) and a little moist. To land too fat is added sand to obtain a most suitable particle size and to avoid cracking during the drying process.

Work began with the extraction of clay, always available directly on the site of construction, and its maturation during which the clods crumble.

The accumulated material must retain its plasticity and therefore should cover it with wet towels to prevent drying and to protect against rain. To make it more workable, the land is mixed and is ready when all its components are well blended and the dough becomes pliable. The material is placed in molds in layers of 5-12 cm and beat (by hand or with the aid of a machine) until you reach a high of about 80 cm layers (three layers can be built per day). At the corners, the sheets are joined together to teeth, the minimum thickness of bearing walls is 50 cm.

Openings in windows and doors can be obtained through special controintelaiature, the lintels are reinforced with wooden strips. The technique allows the construction of tall buildings up to two or three floors.

It 's best to erect the walls in clay on a stone plinth and protect against rising damp, and of course the exterior walls shall be protected by a plaster against the rain.

The clay is a good thermal and acoustic insulation, has excellent control building temperature-humidity air, protects the wooden structures with which it comes in contact from attack by parasites and fungi, no wastage of any kind and is always reusable.

The main features are recognized on the clay:

- the availability of the material;

- workability;

- the level of energy savings in the development process;

- the high level of thermal insulation and acoustic;

- ease of disposal and recycling of materials at the end of life of the building;

- the ability to regulate the humidity inside the rooms;

- easy to learn building techniques by anyone;

The main drawbacks are related charged, For example, the thickness of the walls, which reduces the useful floor area of \u200b\u200bbuildings, something significant in urban areas, or the necessary protection of the walls from rain and moisture from the soil.

Compared to earthen construction is stick to the following attentions:

- the earth walls should rest on a plinth, stone or concrete, which protrude from the ground for at least 50 cm;

- the center of gravity the building must remain low;

- the cover should be lightweight and sufficiently prominent to avoid the rain soaked the walls.

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The walls in stone are the first category of walls with natural elements provided oggidalle Policy DM 20 / 11 / 1987 stand out:

1) stone masonry not square;

2) stone masonry list;

3) square stone masonry.

The first type of masonry (stone, not squared) is made of quarry material only worked roughly in place by a layer sufficiently regular. At intersections of walls and corners should be placed stone elements and more regular better square.

The minimum thickness of the walls in irregular stones are the most penalized by the rules as the minimum thickness is 50 cm, which decreases to 40 cm thick for the walls in stone and listatura in simple or reinforced concrete and 24 cm for squared ashlar stone masonry.

The rocks can be grouped into three distinct categories according to their genesis:

• igneous rock or magma such as granite, basalt, volcanic tuff, etc.. •

sedimentary rocks, in turn, classified into:

clastic rocks or debris: sandstone, clay, marl, etc..

organogenic rocks: limestones and dolomites as

rocks of chemistry: how travertine, gypsum, kaolin

• metamorphic rocks derived from the processing of other rocks (igneous or sedimentary) that originate marble and gneiss.

The stone walls are constructed by selecting rocks with suitable characteristics, given the extreme variability

the rocks.

The living stones used for this type of stone coming from the group of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. There is in fact be less suitable because the igneous rocks hard and brittle so hard and brittle, but especially for the low ability to bind to mortars.

The building structure made of stone, like any other type of masonry, must be defended capillary moisture and external (to make it easier to choose the type of stone it is good to determine its resistance to weathering and the retention of his original color).

elements making up the stone wall must meet the following requirements:

- usually come from culling rocks

- be resistant to frost;

- does not contain substances in solution or organic compounds;

- not be shares can be easily removed or altered;

- adequate resistance to both water and dry

- have good adhesion to the mortar.

The reuse of elements from old stone walls is subject to the above requirements and to cleaning and washing of surfaces.

The stone walls have a reduced insulating those spaces are too hot or too cold in summer or winter. Even when the stone is weather resistant (not united to honor all kinds of stone), could easily absorb moisture and can create serious problems of freezing of the material.

However, to maintain the aesthetic features of the stone wall, to obviate the risk of the presence of moisture, once the walls were built with bricks inward, then doubling it in stone on the outside, thereby ensuring improved performance of the structure.

The walls made of natural stone elements are characterized by a fairly high level of durability and therefore do not fall in the medium term special maintenance. Possible irritant effects (skin, eyes or dependent upper respiratory tract) associated with the use of cement mortar for the laying and recovery operations can affect the maintenance phase in a similar way to what happens in the first phase of construction .

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stone walls with raised floor beams

The mezzanine floor is normally made for basements or basements used as technical rooms, garages, workshops or other activities that require a dry environment.

This ensures a good ventilation system that facilitates the dispersion of moisture and presence of radon gas in soil.

The basement has the protection of the soil as from a meter of water maintains a fairly constant temperature (3-8 ° C) throughout the year.

The local underground, in fact, remain fresh summer and relatively temperate winter and form a thermal buffer between the land and the building above.

The wooden beams are placed directly on the foundations or be separated from them by means of solid brick walls that create additional space.

You can allow air circulation practicing holes in the wall communicating with the outside perimeter.

The external vents shall be fitted with grilles closed to prevent infiltration of ground or input of other objects or small animals that may be blocked from the outside.

If proper ventilation, the attic floor allows good breathability and thus a good control of humidity in the structure and within the premises.

Through detachment from foundations and from the ground, the insulation is uniform, and airing helps protect your home from possible presence of radon gas.

The creation of the interspace lengthens the lifespan of the materials that make up the floor and is indispensable for the preservation of floors made of wood.

This floor is light and is capable of supporting weight. The current rules for buildings in earthquake zones does not allow the construction of the attic floor in areas at risk because in case of earthquake, the beams can create an effect of pounding against the wall with serious consequences on the entire structure. The wooden floor

be adopted for a small basement located in dry areas and in any event shall be provided with adequate protection from moisture to prevent damage to the structure.

The implementing rules of the attic floor are:

• AC curbs are made at intervals regular

• creating a hornet's nest in gravel draining non-calcareous equipped with ventilation holes;

• a waterproof membrane is laid on 'extrados reinforced concrete curb to prevent the capillary rise of moisture in the bricks;

• leaning wooden beams, seasoned and treated with a suitable primer on the shelves of the foundations or walls of brick positioned on the shelves and equipped with ventilation holes;

• the process of constructing the floor slab with wooden plank or brick TAVELLONE. If you choose the second solution, the distance of the supporting structure must be such as to accommodate the boards;

• spreads a sheet on the floor of the attic insulation;

• It creates a substrate with a mixture of lime mortar, concrete and cork granular

• completes the floor with the floor covering.

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foundation stone foundations

foundations in stone are the oldest system used to create the basis for the structure of a building, and is particularly suitable for elevations in wood or clay.

The stone distributes the loads of the structure constitutes a barrier to capillary rise of moisture from the soil.

It is preferable to use local stone, but some types of stones can emit radioactive gases (tuff, pozzolana) or radon (granite) and should be used to detect a sample of material before using it.

Foundations can be realized in two ways:

- with masonry stones placed directly in the excavation

- Men with a lot of stone mixed with mortar

The large amount of waste stone processing can be partially reused for tiles and grit, as we shall see in the chapters on coatings.

The stone is the natural link between the building and the land, distributing the loads on it, avoid injury to the external walls due to possible adjustments, contrasts effectively with the capillary and acts as a plinth for the pillars in wood.

The installation is to run from the excavation plan of excavation to accommodate the stone masonry, it fills the excavation until the excavation floor and walls of the building are based directly on it.

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foundations are responsible for distributing the weight of the building on the ground to prevent settlement that may cause injury to the structure above.

Usually these are made of concrete or more rarely on rocks.

The type of foundation (continuous or point) and their sizes depend on the structure and characteristics of the overlying soil, in each case shall be constructed at a depth that will not be reached by frost.

in green building is usually recommended to minimize the use of concrete as it keeps the moisture for a long time, has low permeability, high conductivity and is easily attacked by atmospheric agents, requires, therefore, complex works of acoustic insulation and the use of specific chemicals of high environmental impact. However, the concrete, practical and legal reasons, is the most recommended to create foundations. We therefore recommend the use of pure cement, ensuring the absence of radioactivity and does not contain additives from waste from other industrial processes or chemical synthesis. These requirements can be found more easily in the white cement which is then desirable.

The water that accumulates in the loose soil around the house exerts pressure against the walls and the floors, it tends to rise in the capillary walls and can damage the structure and environmental well-being inside.

To prevent the capillary rise is necessary to provide a perimeter drainage system that can collect and expel the accumulated water.

It is filled with a material very precisely (eg lime stone) the space between the perimeter wall and the soil in which perforated drainage pipes are laid with a slope of about 1.5%. The surface water percolates easily be channeled to the pipes and removed or stored in special tanks and used for the cultivation of garden and orchard.

Normally, the drainage tubes are made of PVC because economic, for the production of petrochemical-based material that is emitted in a large quantities of CO2 and is also a material difficult to recycle.

Alternatively you can use polyethylene pipes, brick or concrete.

brick or concrete pipes available on the market are short and less manageable.

Their installation is more complex and the drainage system shall be designed more carefully.

is good practice to enter into a steel tape perimeter foundations to act as a sink which can be connected to all the metal structures of plants and the electricity grid.

This reduces the intensity of the electric fields that form near the net and deflect stray currents.

In the next post, I will start talking about the stone foundations.

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