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The walls in stone are the first category of walls with natural elements provided oggidalle Policy DM 20 / 11 / 1987 stand out:

1) stone masonry not square;

2) stone masonry list;

3) square stone masonry.

The first type of masonry (stone, not squared) is made of quarry material only worked roughly in place by a layer sufficiently regular. At intersections of walls and corners should be placed stone elements and more regular better square.

The minimum thickness of the walls in irregular stones are the most penalized by the rules as the minimum thickness is 50 cm, which decreases to 40 cm thick for the walls in stone and listatura in simple or reinforced concrete and 24 cm for squared ashlar stone masonry.

The rocks can be grouped into three distinct categories according to their genesis:

• igneous rock or magma such as granite, basalt, volcanic tuff, etc.. •

sedimentary rocks, in turn, classified into:

clastic rocks or debris: sandstone, clay, marl, etc..

organogenic rocks: limestones and dolomites as

rocks of chemistry: how travertine, gypsum, kaolin

• metamorphic rocks derived from the processing of other rocks (igneous or sedimentary) that originate marble and gneiss.

The stone walls are constructed by selecting rocks with suitable characteristics, given the extreme variability

the rocks.

The living stones used for this type of stone coming from the group of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. There is in fact be less suitable because the igneous rocks hard and brittle so hard and brittle, but especially for the low ability to bind to mortars.

The building structure made of stone, like any other type of masonry, must be defended capillary moisture and external (to make it easier to choose the type of stone it is good to determine its resistance to weathering and the retention of his original color).

elements making up the stone wall must meet the following requirements:

- usually come from culling rocks

- be resistant to frost;

- does not contain substances in solution or organic compounds;

- not be shares can be easily removed or altered;

- adequate resistance to both water and dry

- have good adhesion to the mortar.

The reuse of elements from old stone walls is subject to the above requirements and to cleaning and washing of surfaces.

The stone walls have a reduced insulating those spaces are too hot or too cold in summer or winter. Even when the stone is weather resistant (not united to honor all kinds of stone), could easily absorb moisture and can create serious problems of freezing of the material.

However, to maintain the aesthetic features of the stone wall, to obviate the risk of the presence of moisture, once the walls were built with bricks inward, then doubling it in stone on the outside, thereby ensuring improved performance of the structure.

The walls made of natural stone elements are characterized by a fairly high level of durability and therefore do not fall in the medium term special maintenance. Possible irritant effects (skin, eyes or dependent upper respiratory tract) associated with the use of cement mortar for the laying and recovery operations can affect the maintenance phase in a similar way to what happens in the first phase of construction .

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