The clay is the building material used around the world since ancient times.
can be used for walls, curtain walls, roofs, floors, plaster.
can be formed into blocks, where sun-dried, mixed and molded by hand, keeping in shape with the help of molds, mixed together with any natural fiber, straw, wood chips, cork, fiber, etc.. .
Across Europe there are buildings on earth, and, contrary to what one might think, especially in countries of northern and central Europe. So very wet and very cold countries, rely on the ground rather than building traditions relevant, even in countries such as very hot and desert.
In Italy it is built in earth up to the '60 / '70; houses are scattered on the ground throughout the country, from the Veneto Casoni, pise to the houses in Piedmont, through Tuscany, the Marches , Basilicata, Calabria and Sardinia each region developed a distinctive design feature.
There are several construction techniques that can be used, all over the world would have been classified as many as 18. The trail and one of the construction techniques for working the land, allows the construction of monolithic walls and is compacted with the help of a "piseur, damp earth, within formwork; was a very common nineteenth century rural architecture.
This technique does not require electrical or machines, reduces the cost of transport and consumption of non-renewable raw materials, is suitable for self-construction.
For the technique of Pise, used for bearing walls and no, we use a rather lean soil (sandy) and a little moist. To land too fat is added sand to obtain a most suitable particle size and to avoid cracking during the drying process.
Work began with the extraction of clay, always available directly on the site of construction, and its maturation during which the clods crumble.
The accumulated material must retain its plasticity and therefore should cover it with wet towels to prevent drying and to protect against rain. To make it more workable, the land is mixed and is ready when all its components are well blended and the dough becomes pliable. The material is placed in molds in layers of 5-12 cm and beat (by hand or with the aid of a machine) until you reach a high of about 80 cm layers (three layers can be built per day). At the corners, the sheets are joined together to teeth, the minimum thickness of bearing walls is 50 cm.
Openings in windows and doors can be obtained through special controintelaiature, the lintels are reinforced with wooden strips. The technique allows the construction of tall buildings up to two or three floors.
It 's best to erect the walls in clay on a stone plinth and protect against rising damp, and of course the exterior walls shall be protected by a plaster against the rain.
The clay is a good thermal and acoustic insulation, has excellent control building temperature-humidity air, protects the wooden structures with which it comes in contact from attack by parasites and fungi, no wastage of any kind and is always reusable.
The main features are recognized on the clay:
- the availability of the material;
- workability;
- the level of energy savings in the development process;
- the high level of thermal insulation and acoustic;
- ease of disposal and recycling of materials at the end of life of the building;
- the ability to regulate the humidity inside the rooms;
- easy to learn building techniques by anyone;
The main drawbacks are related charged, For example, the thickness of the walls, which reduces the useful floor area of \u200b\u200bbuildings, something significant in urban areas, or the necessary protection of the walls from rain and moisture from the soil.
Compared to earthen construction is stick to the following attentions:
- the earth walls should rest on a plinth, stone or concrete, which protrude from the ground for at least 50 cm;
- the center of gravity the building must remain low;
- the cover should be lightweight and sufficiently prominent to avoid the rain soaked the walls.
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